Anti-oxidant activity

4A.         Tavčar Benković E, Žigon D, Mihailović V, Petelinc T, Jamnik P, Kreft S.

Identification, in vitro and in vivo Antioxidant Activity, and
Gastrointestinal Stability of Lignans from Silver Fir (Abies alba) Wood Extract Belinal.

Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology [Internet], 2017 Nov 2,
37(6):467–77.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02773813.2017.1340958

5A.         Lunder M, Roškar I, Hošek J, Štrukelj B.

Silver Fir (Abies alba)
Extracts Inhibit Enzymes Involved in Blood Glucose Management and Protect
against Oxidative Stress in High Glucose Environment.

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2019 Mar,
74(1): 47–53.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11130-018-0698-6

7SR.       Hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity – study report

10SR. ORAC radical scavenging activity – study report

Anti-diabetic activity
& metabolic syndrome

1A.         Debeljak J, Ferk P, Čokolič M, Zavratnik A, Tavčar Benković E, Kreft S, Strukelj B.

Randomised, double blind, cross-over, placebo and active
controlled human pharmacodynamic study on the influence of silver fir wood
extract (Belinal) on post-prandial glycemic response.

Pharmazie, 2016, 71(10). http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/govi/pharmaz/2016/00000071/0000001
0/art00003?crawler=true

5A.         L Lunder
M, Roškar I, Hošek J, Štrukelj B.

Silver Fir (Abies alba)
Extracts Inhibit Enzymes Involved in Blood Glucose Management and Protect
against Oxidative Stress in High Glucose Environment.

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2019 Mar,
74(1): 47–53.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11130-018-0698-6

1SO.      Anti-diabetic
mechanisms – scientific opinion review

Mechanisms of action:

inhibition of
digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase

inhibition of glucose transporters in the intestinal
wall SGLT1, SGLT 2

improved glucose
uptake into cells – increased
translocation of glucose transporters GLUT4

protection of
pancreatic β cells

Protection of arteries
& heart, anti-cholesterol plaque activity

2A.         Drevenšek G, Lunder M, Tavčar Benkovič
E, Mikelj A, Štrukelj B, Kreft S.

Silver fir (Abies alba)
trunk extract protects Guinea pig arteries from impaired functional responses
and morphology due to an atherogenic diet.

Phytomedicine, 2015, 22(9).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094471131500183X

3A.         Drevenšek G, Lunder M, Tavčar Benković
E, Štrukelj B, Kreft S.

Cardioprotective effects of silver fir (Abies alba) extract in ischemic-reperfused isolated rat hearts.

Food & Nutrition Research, 2016, 60(1).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27756448

13SR.     Vasodilatation of
human brain arteries and anti-inflammatory activity – study report

Mechanisms of action:

Inhibition of the formation of AGEs (Advanced
glycation end products (AGEs) are harmful compounds that are formed when
protein or fat combine with sugar in the bloodstream. This process is called glycation).

Anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition
of COX-2 activity, suppression of expression
of

proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis
factor α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-6, IL-1β,
suppression of COX-1 activity, inhibition of histamine release.

Vasodilatation activity: vascular relaxation through Prostacyclin
release mechanisms (PGI2) and through Endothelium derived hyperpolarizing
factor (EDHF).

Weight Management

1A.         Debeljak J, Ferk P, Čokolič M, Zavratnik A, Tavčar Benković E, Kreft S, Strukelj B.

Randomised, double blind, cross-over, placebo and active
controlled human pharmacodynamic study on the influence of silver fir wood
extract (Belinal) on post-prandial glycemic response.

Pharmazie, 2016, 71(10). http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/govi/pharmaz/2016/00000071/0000001
0/art00003?crawler=true

2A.         Drevenšek G, Lunder M, Tavčar Benkovič
E, Mikelj A, Štrukelj B, Kreft S.

Silver fir (Abies alba)
trunk extract protects Guinea pig arteries from impaired functional responses
and morphology due to an atherogenic diet.

Phytomedicine, 2015, 22(9).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094471131500183X

Mechanisms of action:

inhibition of
digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase

improved glucose
uptake into cells – increased
translocation of glucose
transporters GLUT4

Beauty from within &
skin care

16SR.     The influence of
oral intake on skin parameters – placebo controlled clinical study – study report

3SO.      Beauty from within
oral intake – scientific opinion

12SR.     Topical skin
placebo controlled clinical study on
10 volunteers – study report

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02603029

Mechanisms of action:

Elastin and collagen
booster – Collagen
type 1, 3 and elastin synthesis

Anti-oxidant activity

Anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition
of COX-2 activity, suppression of expression
of

proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis
factor α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-6, IL-1β,
suppression of COX-1 activity, inhibition of histamine release.

Sport

3SR.       Study research
on ten athletes – recovery
and endurance – study report

7SR.       Hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity – study report
10SR.              ORAC radical scavenging
activity – study report

Mechanisms of action:

Anti-oxidant activity

Anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition
of COX-2 activity, suppression of expression
of

proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis
factor α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-6, IL-1β,
suppression of COX-1 activity, inhibition of histamine release.

Vasodilatation activity: vascular relaxation through Prostacyclin
release mechanisms (PGI2) and through Endothelium derived hyperpolarizing
factor (EDHF).

Brain Health

13SR.     Vasodilatation of
human brain arteries and anti-inflammatory activity – study report

Mechanisms of action:

Anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition
of COX-2 activity, suppression of expression
of

proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis
factor α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-6, IL-1β,
suppression of COX-1 activity, inhibition of histamine release.

Vasodilatation activity: vascular relaxation through Prostacyclin
release mechanisms (PGI2) and through Endothelium derived hyperpolarizing
factor (EDHF).

Joint Health

14SR.     Beneficial
influence on the cartilage breakdown in osteoarthritis – study report

6A.         Sirse M, Fokter K
S, Strukelj B, Zupan J.

Silver Fir (Abies alba)
Polyphenolic Extract (Belinal) Shows Beneficial Influence on Chondrogenesis In
Vitro under Normal and Inflammatory Conditions.

Molecules, 2020, 25, 4616.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7587205/

Mechanisms of action:

Anti-inflammatory activity (inhibition
of COX-2 activity, suppression of expression of proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin IL-6,
IL-1β, suppression of COX-1 activity, inhibition of histamine release.

Boost of the chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in
patients with osteoarthritis (collagen type 2 synthesis in a cartilage).

Anti-inflammatory activity

3SO.      Anti-inflammatory
mechanisms – scientific opinion review

13SR.     Vasodilatation of
human brain arteries and anti-inflammatory activity – study report

20SR.     Anti-inflammatory
Activity, Reduction of NF-ĸB Activity – study
report

Prebiotic activity

8A.         S. Stojanov,2,*,
M. Ravnikar2, A. Berlec1,2, S. Kreft2

Interaction between silver fir (Abies alba) wood water extract Belinal® and lactobacilli. Pharmazie,
2021, 76. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357661260_Interaction_between_silver_fir_Abies

_alba_wood_water_extract_and_lactobacilli

Other scientific files

5SR.       Acute toxicology
– clinical study on liver and kidney function
on 10 volunteers – study report

6SR.       Cytotoxicity – study report

15SR.     The Influence
on the in vitro proliferation of three human cancer cell lines – study report

REFERENCES

Belinal® – published articles in scientific magazines

1A.         Debeljak J, Ferk P, Čokolič M, Zavratnik A, Tavčar Benković E, Kreft S, Strukelj B.

Randomised, double blind, cross-over, placebo and active
controlled human pharmacodynamic study on the influence of silver fir wood
extract (Belinal) on post-prandial glycemic response.

Pharmazie, 2016, 71(10). http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/govi/pharmaz/2016/00000071/0000001
0/art00003?crawler=true

2A.         Drevenšek G, Lunder M, Tavčar Benkovič
E, Mikelj A, Štrukelj B, Kreft S.

Silver fir (Abies alba)
trunk extract protects Guinea pig arteries from impaired functional responses
and morphology due to an atherogenic diet.

Phytomedicine, 2015, 22(9).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094471131500183X

3A.         Drevenšek G, Lunder M, Tavčar Benković
E, Štrukelj B, Kreft S.

Cardioprotective effects of silver fir (Abies alba) extract in ischemic-reperfused isolated rat hearts.

Food & Nutrition Research, 2016, 60(1).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27756448

4A.         Tavčar Benković E, Žigon D, Mihailović V, Petelinc T, Jamnik P, Kreft S.

Identification, in vitro and in vivo Antioxidant Activity, and
Gastrointestinal Stability of Lignans from Silver Fir (Abies alba) Wood Extract Belinal.

Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology [Internet], 2017 Nov 2,
37(6):467–77.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02773813.2017.1340958

5A.         Lunder M, Roškar I, Hošek J, Štrukelj B.

Silver Fir (Abies alba)
Extracts Inhibit Enzymes Involved in Blood Glucose Management and Protect
against Oxidative Stress in High Glucose Environment.

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 2019 Mar,
74(1): 47–53.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11130-018-0698-6

6A.         Sirse M, Fokter K
S, Strukelj B, Zupan J.

Silver Fir (Abies alba)
Polyphenolic Extract (Belinal) Shows Beneficial Influence on Chondrogenesis In
Vitro under Normal and Inflammatory Conditions.

Molecules, 2020, 25, 4616.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7587205/

7A.         Kreft S

Phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical studies of an extract
prepared from silver fir branches (Abies
alba).

Biologia Serbica, 2021, 43(1): 57-62. https://ojs.pmf.uns.ac.rs/index.php/dbe_serbica/article/view/13621/203

8A.         S. Stojanov,2,*,
M. Ravnikar2, A. Berlec1,2, S. Kreft2

Interaction between silver fir (Abies alba) wood water extract Belinal® and lactobacilli. Pharmazie,
2021, 76 (2021). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357661260_Interaction_between_silver_fir_Abies

_alba_wood_water_extract_and_lactobacilli

Belinal® – study reports

1SR.       Standard lignans
and molecular structure 2SR.  Extract stability

3SR.       Study research on
ten athletes 4SR.      Phytochemical investigation

5SR.       Acute toxicology –
clinical study on liver and kidney function on 10 volunteers 6SR.        Cytotoxicity

7SR.       Hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity 8SR.              Terpene content